What Is Lactose Intolerance?
Lactose intolerance is a digestive condition where the body cannot adequately digest lactose — the natural sugar found in milk and dairy products. The digestive system requires an enzyme called lactase to break lactose into smaller sugars the body can absorb. When insufficient lactase is produced, undigested lactose passes through to the gut, where bacteria metabolize it and produce gas and discomfort.
Lactose intolerance is quite common, particularly among adult African Americans, Native Americans, and Asian Americans.
Symptoms
Symptoms typically occur 30 minutes to 2 hours after consuming dairy:
- Gas, bloating, and cramping
- Diarrhea
- Nausea
- Stomach discomfort
When to See a Doctor
See Dr. Zoeteman if you consistently experience these symptoms after consuming milk or dairy products to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other digestive conditions.
Causes
Lactose intolerance is caused by insufficient lactase enzyme production. It often develops gradually with age and has a genetic component — the condition frequently runs in families.
Diagnosis & Tests
Three tests are used to diagnose lactose intolerance:
- Lactose tolerance test — blood sugar levels are measured after drinking a high-lactose beverage
- Hydrogen breath test — hydrogen levels in exhaled breath are measured after consuming lactose
- Stool acid test — used for infants and young children unable to complete breath or blood tests
Treatment
There is no cure, but symptoms can be controlled through:
- Dietary modifications — reducing or eliminating milk, cream, ice cream, yogurt, and some cheeses
- Lactase enzyme supplements taken before consuming dairy
- Calcium and vitamin D supplementation to maintain bone health on a dairy-reduced diet
Prevention
While lactose intolerance cannot be prevented, symptoms are entirely preventable through consistent dietary management and appropriate enzyme supplementation.